Specifically, 4.0mL of sample, deionized water (negative control) or standard (positive control) was added to a test tube followed by 500 mL MSU Extraction Buffer and 500 mL Tissue Performance Negative Concentrate (TPNC). The binder tablet, containing the antibody bound to a microbial cell was then added to the sample and vortexed on a mixer for 10 s.