Herhartianism
Herbart, for all of bis dreams ofbecoming Germany's greatest pbilosopber, experienced relatively little influence on eitber pbilosopby or education in his lifetime. If it were not for his German disciples, tbe Herbartians, we migbt know very little about bim today. Tbe Herbartians popularized bis doctrines wbile adding ideas of tbeir own. Tbe two cbief arcbitects of Herbartianism were Tuiskon Ziller and Wilbelm Rein. Wbat attracted Ziller to Herbart was tbe idea tbat cbaracter could be constructed around a circle of tbougbt. Ziller added "concentration centers" and "cultural epocbs" to Herbart's tbeories. A concentration center was a general topic around wbicb tbe work of a wbole scbool year could be focused. Tbe purpose of tbe concentration center was to produce a unified circle of tbougbt on a single topic. Cultural epoch tbeory beld tbat just as tbe embryo retraces tbe biological evolution of tbe species, so tbe cbild's education sbould move tbrougb tbe major stages of mankind's bistorical development. Tbe cultural epochs, according to Zuler, could serve as concentration centers providing an overall structure for the curriculum.^' Wilbelm Rein began wbere Ziller left off. Rein produced an eigbt volume work, eacb providing materials necessary for teacbing a concentration center for a year. Herbart's words for tbe steps leading to apperception—clarity, association, system, and metbod—were not very suggestive of wbat instructional activities teacbers sbould follow. To Rein goes tbe credit for formulating tbe Five Formal Steps of tbe Recitation—preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. Rein's terms clearly indicated wbat activities tbe teacber sbould pursue. Preparation: Tbe first step in every lesson was to prepare students' minds by reviewing wbat bad already been learned. Tbe mind needed to be made ready to receive new information. Presentation: Once tbe review of old information bad been completed, students were ready to begin tbe new lesson. Eacb new lesson was to be presented in a carefully, wellplanned manner. Association: Students, baving received tbe new information, were now ready to relate it to wbat tbey bad previously learned. Tbis was wbere apperception came into play. Tbe new information was integrated into tbe appropriate idea clusters. Generalization: Students formulated a sbort and concise rule covering tbe new content or procedure. Wben a similar situation occured in tbe future, tbey would know wbicb principle to follow. Application: New information must be acted upon if it were to become a permanent part of students' understanding. Tbe mind would remember tbose tbings tbat bad been ingrained as babits.*" During tbe 1880s, two German universities, Jena and Leipzig, offered advanced degrees in pedagogy. Botb of tbese universities bad become centers for Herbartianism. Rein was located at Jena, and Ziller beld a position at Leipzig. During tbat same time, tbree young Americans—Cbarles DeGarmo, Cbarles McMurry, and Frank McMurry—traveled to Germany and enrolled at Jena in order to study witb Rein. Wben they returned to tbe United States, tbey began spreading Herbartianism witb a passion.*' Tbe United States was ready for a "scientific" approacb to pedagogy. Herbartianism seemed tailor-made for tbe time. Cbarles DeGarmo publisbed The Essentials of Method in 1889 anàHerhart and the Herbartians in 1895. He went on to publisb a series of articles in tbe Educational Review, all of wbicb belped to promote Herbartianism. Tbe McMurry brotbers were equally busy spreading tbe new educational doctrine. Cbarles publisbed bis Elements of General Method in 1892, and be collaborated witb Frank in publisbing The Method oftheRecitationin 1897. As a result of tbe efforts of tbese tbree educators (and otbers), Herbartianism spread rapidly. In 1895 DeGarmo and tbe McMurrys organized tbe National Herbart Society. Nicbolas Murray Butler, JobnDewey, and other distinguisbed educators were invited to serve on its executive council. By 1896—only a year later—American Herbartianism bad become very popular. However, Herbartianism declined even more rapidly tban it bad ascended. By 1899 tbe movement bad burned itself out and tbe society disbanded. Tbree years later, in 1902, tbe old leadersbip tried to revive tbe movement under a new name, tbe National Society for tbe Scientific Study of Education. Despite its name cbange, Herbartianism as a vibrant educational pbilosopby was dead by 1905.*^ Wbat explains tbe rapid demise of Herbartianism in tbe United States? Tbere were, of course, a wide variety of factors, sucb as tbe competition tbat came from tbe growing importance of progressive education. Tbe most important factor, bowever, was tbe growtb of experimental psycbology. Herbart's doctrines were pbilosopbical and introspective. Tbey could not compete witb tbe laboratory experiments conducted by Edward L. Tborndike and otber psycbologists. Apperception, as a tbeoretical constr
HerhartianismHerbart, for all of bis dreams ofbecoming Germany's greatest pbilosopber, experienced relatively little influence on eitber pbilosopby or education in his lifetime. If it were not for his German disciples, tbe Herbartians, we migbt know very little about bim today. Tbe Herbartians popularized bis doctrines wbile adding ideas of tbeir own. Tbe two cbief arcbitects of Herbartianism were Tuiskon Ziller and Wilbelm Rein. Wbat attracted Ziller to Herbart was tbe idea tbat cbaracter could be constructed around a circle of tbougbt. Ziller added "concentration centers" and "cultural epocbs" to Herbart's tbeories. A concentration center was a general topic around wbicb tbe work of a wbole scbool year could be focused. Tbe purpose of tbe concentration center was to produce a unified circle of tbougbt on a single topic. Cultural epoch tbeory beld tbat just as tbe embryo retraces tbe biological evolution of tbe species, so tbe cbild's education sbould move tbrougb tbe major stages of mankind's bistorical development. Tbe cultural epochs, according to Zuler, could serve as concentration centers providing an overall structure for the curriculum.^' Wilbelm Rein began wbere Ziller left off. Rein produced an eigbt volume work, eacb providing materials necessary for teacbing a concentration center for a year. Herbart's words for tbe steps leading to apperception—clarity, association, system, and metbod—were not very suggestive of wbat instructional activities teacbers sbould follow. To Rein goes tbe credit for formulating tbe Five Formal Steps of tbe Recitation—preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. Rein's terms clearly indicated wbat activities tbe teacber sbould pursue. Preparation: Tbe first step in every lesson was to prepare students' minds by reviewing wbat bad already been learned. Tbe mind needed to be made ready to receive new information. Presentation: Once tbe review of old information bad been completed, students were ready to begin tbe new lesson. Eacb new lesson was to be presented in a carefully, wellplanned manner. Association: Students, baving received tbe new information, were now ready to relate it to wbat tbey bad previously learned. Tbis was wbere apperception came into play. Tbe new information was integrated into tbe appropriate idea clusters. Generalization: Students formulated a sbort and concise rule covering tbe new content or procedure. Wben a similar situation occured in tbe future, tbey would know wbicb principle to follow. Application: New information must be acted upon if it were to become a permanent part of students' understanding. Tbe mind would remember tbose tbings tbat bad been ingrained as babits.*" During tbe 1880s, two German universities, Jena and Leipzig, offered advanced degrees in pedagogy. Botb of tbese universities bad become centers for Herbartianism. Rein was located at Jena, and Ziller beld a position at Leipzig. During tbat same time, tbree young Americans—Cbarles DeGarmo, Cbarles McMurry, and Frank McMurry—traveled to Germany and enrolled at Jena in order to study witb Rein. Wben they returned to tbe United States, tbey began spreading Herbartianism witb a passion.*' Tbe United States was ready for a "scientific" approacb to pedagogy. Herbartianism seemed tailor-made for tbe time. Cbarles DeGarmo publisbed The Essentials of Method in 1889 anàHerhart and the Herbartians in 1895. He went on to publisb a series of articles in tbe Educational Review, all of wbicb belped to promote Herbartianism. Tbe McMurry brotbers were equally busy spreading tbe new educational doctrine. Cbarles publisbed bis Elements of General Method in 1892, and be collaborated witb Frank in publisbing The Method oftheRecitationin 1897. As a result of tbe efforts of tbese tbree educators (and otbers), Herbartianism spread rapidly. In 1895 DeGarmo and tbe McMurrys organized tbe National Herbart Society. Nicbolas Murray Butler, JobnDewey, and other distinguisbed educators were invited to serve on its executive council. By 1896—only a year later—American Herbartianism bad become very popular. However, Herbartianism declined even more rapidly tban it bad ascended. By 1899 tbe movement bad burned itself out and tbe society disbanded. Tbree years later, in 1902, tbe old leadersbip tried to revive tbe movement under a new name, tbe National Society for tbe Scientific Study of Education. Despite its name cbange, Herbartianism as a vibrant educational pbilosopby was dead by 1905.*^ Wbat explains tbe rapid demise of Herbartianism in tbe United States? Tbere were, of course, a wide variety of factors, sucb as tbe competition tbat came from tbe growing importance of progressive education. Tbe most important factor, bowever, was tbe growtb of experimental psycbology. Herbart's doctrines were pbilosopbical and introspective. Tbey could not compete witb tbe laboratory experiments conducted by Edward L. Tborndike and otber psycbologists. Apperception, as a tbeoretical constr
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