observation date and time.
MODIS algorithms for temperature retrieval are based on
the results of passive scanning of upwelling radiation with a
wavelength of 10–12 μm.
Based on the ground measurements, it was found that, during
the morning flight of SMOS over the site, the temperature
gradient in the 0–10-cm layer was less than 0.5 K/cm. For
wetland soils and open areas of water, the thickness of the skin
layer does not exceed a few centimeters. In these conditions,
the difference between the temperatures in the skin layer and
on the surface is not higher than 0.5 K, i.e