Most of the
forests on the Russian side are naturally regenerated and have
been subjected to very few thinnings (Uuttera et al., 1996;
Ma¨lko¨nen et al., 2000). In contrast, the forests on the Finnish
side have been under heavy forest management (Hakkila,
1995), thus creating a clear difference in forest structure in the
otherwise similar landscapes, soils and climates