'Strong' globalization theories have argued that, even aside from these pressures from other nations' productive capacities, the growing number and size of transnational corporation (TNCs) will lead to a uniform process of economic policy convergence and, ultimately,a ' race to the bottom' is regulatory standards (see Chapter 8). Some more nuanced studies have suggested that international firms will aid the spread of both management and policy practice, which could lead to pressure for increased as well as decreased regulatory standards (Djelic and Quack, 2010). A concrete example comes from Britain's opt-out from the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. Even though the British government had rejected the provision of the Social Chapter, many large TNCs, in practice, ended up implementing on key element of the Social Chapter- the introduction of works councils in their British outposts. This was due to the costliness of adopting different approaches to industrial organization in different countries (Callaghan, 2010: 573). The influence of TNCs as facilitators of policy convergence is examined in greater detail in chapter 8.