The competencies of the accounting students used as the independent
variables in this study are divided into five competencies based on the
IES and the initiative of the Thai Minister of Education (Kunklaw,
2014; Sinlarat, 2011). They consist of Ethical competency, Knowledge
competency, Capability competency, Relationship competency, and
Analysis competency (See Appendix A). The score of the accounting
students’ competencies was measured by a 5-point Likert scale ranging
from 1 (the lowest competency), 2 (low competency), 3 (moderate
competency), 4 (high competency), and 5 (higher competency).