Little research has examined the impact on violence of
restricting the hours of alcohol sales, with only one study
looking at IPV-relevant data. In Brazil, limiting the hours
of alcohol sales in bars (i.e., closing at 11 P.M. instead of
previous policy allowing sales 24 hours) led to a 44% decline
in general homicide rates, but there was no signifi cant
impact on assaults against women (Duailibi et al., 2007).
Other studies have looked at changes in the hours of sale
and general violent assault rates. In Perth, Australia, Chikritzhs
and Stockwell (2002) found that extending alcohol
sales (typically 1 additional hour past the standard midnight
closing time) resulted in a signifi cant increase in policerecorded
assaults at establishments with extended hours.
Kypri et al. (2011) showed that after changing pub closing
times from 5 A.M. to 3 A.M. in Australia, rates of policerecorded
assaults fell 37% compared with a control locality
that had no closing time restrictions. Briscoe and Donnelly
(2003) found that hotels and bars with extended alcohol
sales hours were disproportionately associated with violent
assaults in Sydney, Australia. Rossow and Norström (2012)
studied small changes in bar closing hours (e.g., less than
2 hours) across 18 Norwegian cities and found that each
1-hour extension of closing hours led to a 16%