3. Results and discussion
3.1. Proximate composition
The proximate composition of uncooked reduced-fat meat batters
with different amounts of grape seed oil and 2% rice bran fiber
are given in Table 2. The differences in moisture, fat, and ash contents
of the reduced-fat batters were significant compared to controls
(P < 0.05), protein contents were not significantly different
(P > 0.05). The moisture contents of the samples with grape seed
oil and rice bran fiber were higher than the controls because the
control sample has 20% less water added (Table 2). Similar trends
in moisture content were observed by Choi et al. (2009) when different
amounts of vegetable oil and dietary fiber were added to
meat emulsions. Also, Choi et al. (2007) and Choi et al. (2008)
showed that rice bran fiber addition increased the moisture content
of meat batters, provided higher water retention and improved
emulsion stability. The fat content was significantly lower
in the batters formulated with grape seed oil and rice bran fiber
compared to controls (29.96% fat) (P < 0.05). The fat levels for the
reduced-fat meat batters (fat replaced with grape seed oil, water,
and rice bran fiber) are close to the target value of 20%. These results
agree with Luruena-Martinez et al. (2004) who reported similar
quality characteristics for low-fat frankfurters with locust bean
and xanthan gum along with the replacement of pork fat with olive
oil. Due to addition of rice bran fiber the ash content was higher for
all batters containing grape seed oil relative to the control samples
(P < 0.05), which is in accordance with Choi et al. (2009). Choi et al.
(2008) reported that the ash content is significantly increased with
the addition of rice bran fiber to low-fat meat products and Ayo
et al. (2007) reported that ash content significantly increased with
the addition of walnut to low-fat meat products. Paneras and Bloukas
(1994) found that when vegetable oil replaced pork back fat
in low-fat frankfurters no significant difference in ash contents