The vibrational spectroscopic measurement of ZnO nanorods was
conducted using a Raman spectrometer as shown in Fig. 9. Raman
spectrum is very useful and sensitive for characterizing crystal perfection
and structural defects. For ZnO single crystal materials, A1, E1,
and E2 modes are Raman active among eight sets of optical modes
according to the group theory [25]. The Raman spectrum acquired
in the range of 200–800 cm-1 showed a strong band at 438 cm-1, which is attributed to the optical phonon mode of ZnO and a characteristic
Raman active peak (E2 mode) of nonpolar optical phonons for
the wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO [26,27]. The sharp and strong
band indicates the good crystal quality of ZnO nanorods. The peak
at 382 and 332 cm−1 is due to the polar A1 mode and a second-order
nonpolar E2 mode of ZnO, respectively [28]. The peak at 578 cm−1 is
attributed to the longitudinal optical phonons, E1 mode, which are
caused by defects such as oxygen vacancies or Zn interstitials [25].
The vibrational spectroscopic measurement of ZnO nanorods wasconducted using a Raman spectrometer as shown in Fig. 9. Ramanspectrum is very useful and sensitive for characterizing crystal perfectionand structural defects. For ZnO single crystal materials, A1, E1,and E2 modes are Raman active among eight sets of optical modesaccording to the group theory [25]. The Raman spectrum acquiredin the range of 200–800 cm-1 showed a strong band at 438 cm-1, which is attributed to the optical phonon mode of ZnO and a characteristicRaman active peak (E2 mode) of nonpolar optical phonons forthe wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO [26,27]. The sharp and strongband indicates the good crystal quality of ZnO nanorods. The peakat 382 and 332 cm−1 is due to the polar A1 mode and a second-ordernonpolar E2 mode of ZnO, respectively [28]. The peak at 578 cm−1 isattributed to the longitudinal optical phonons, E1 mode, which arecaused by defects such as oxygen vacancies or Zn interstitials [25].
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