5 Theoretical framework
In this study, the theoretical framework used is the model of curriculum by Hunkins and the social
constructivist theory. Discussion will begin with the Hunkins curriculum model followed by social constructivist
theory. Hunkins (1980) in Ornstein and Hunkins (2004)outlined seven phases in decision making on curriculum
namely: a) conceptualizing the curriculum and verifying it; b) diagnosis; c) selecing content; d) selecting
experiences; e) implementation; f) evaluation, and g)sustainment. The Hunkins curriculum model is used to design
the futuristic curriculum in determining the suitability of selecting video game elements and implementation of
curriculum in BM language learning for foreign students in PHEI.
Social constructivism is a theory derived from Piaget’s cognitive development theory and the Zone of Proximal
Development, ZPD introduced by Vygotsky (Mok, 2013). ZPD is the performance and ability of students to solve
problems exceeding their capability as well as achieving development at a higher potential. In the context of this
study, social constructivism theory is used in the aspect of video game as the medium of instruction or scaffolding in
implementing learning of Malay language among foreign students in PHEI. This theory shows that the process of
learning Malay language through video games can enhance the performance of a student whether aided by a teacher
or more proficient peer to succeed and be motivated according to capability level.