During the learning phase of the present experiments, participants in the self-regulation groups could choose to test themselves (e.g., “What is the sensorimotor stage?”), study the concept term plus the definition, or make a judgment about the quality of their test response. Importantly, participants in self-regulation groups were free to engage in any or all of these activities (test, study, judge) in any order they wanted and for as long as they wanted. As described further below, this method represents a significant advance beyond prior research exploring students' spontaneous use of testing and will provide answers to the three questions outlined above. To revisit, the first two questions are straightforward and pertain to whether students use testing with feedback. The third question pertains to whether students use testing to reach a given criterion, which is the number of times an answer is correctly recalled during the practice phase. Reaching a criterion of one correct recall is essential for having a chance for correctly recalling it after a delay, and reaching even higher criterion levels (e.g., three correct recalls) yields even better retention (e.g., Nelson et al., 1982, Pyc and Rawson, 2009 and Rawson and Dunlosky, 2011). Thus, with respect to how effectively students use testing and feedback, we were interested in whether students continue to test themselves and use feedback until they reach a criterion of one (or more) correct recalls.