Van Dyne et al. (1995) also proposed a typology of extra-role behaviors based on
two underlying dimensions that contrasted affiliative and challenging behavior as well as
promotive and prohibitive behavior. One dimension is affiliative-challenging. This
continuum indicates whether the behavior would promote cooperation and strengthen
relationships (affiliative), or focus on constructive challenges for change (challenging).
The other dimension is promotive-prohibitive. This typology represents whether the
behavior is expected to encourage something to occur (promotive) or prohibit something
(prohibitive). Thus, based on these two dimensions, consequently, four types of extra-role
behaviors can be generated: (a) affiliative-promotive, (b) affiliative-protective, (c)
challenging-protective, (d) challenging-promotive. Table 1 presents the key
characteristics of these four types of extra-role behaviors adapted from Van Dyne et al.
T