The module temperature
Tm has been calculated using Eq. (1), and it is compared
to the measured module temperature. The module
temperature as calculated and measured is presented in
Fig. 2. The difference between the module temperature as measured
and calculated does not exceed 5%. Therefore, it can be
concluded that Eq. (1) can be used to determine the module
temperature as a function of the ambient conditions, such that
it can be used to determine when to start cooling of the PV
panel as soon as the module temperature reaches the MAT