Isolation of total RNA was performed using the SV Total RNA isolation kit (Promega USA). Approximately 1 × 107 cells were pelleted from 10 mL culture (1500 g, 10 min). Cells were then broken in a Retsch MM400 Mixer Mill using 5 mm metal beads for several rounds of 40 s, 25 Hz. RNA samples were quantified using a Nano Drop (ND-1000, Thermo Scientific, USA) spectrophotometer and stored at −80°