In a non-blinded study women who had had caesarean deliveries and who developed symptoms of breast engorgement were randomised to treatment and control groups (breast-shaped cold packs worn in a halter versus routine care) (Robson 1990). Women in the intervention group seemed to experience a reduction in pain intensity at post-test. The author reported a decrease in mean pain intensity score from 1.84 (standard deviation (SD) 0.65) to 1.23 (SD 0.68) compared with an increase in the control group from 1.50 (SD 0.71) to 1.79 (SD 0.72). However, the differences between groups at baseline, and the failure to observe randomisation (women with "heightened distress" were moved into the control group), make results difficult to interpret.