In comparison to traditional shrimp monoculture and tomato monoculture, the implementation of an integrated shrimp–tomato culture system has at least four disadvantages: (a) the requirement for a relatively high initial investment that also occurs with greenhouse and recirculation systems; (b) the requirement for a high level of training and specialization for the management of the two coupled cultures; (c) the implied elevated production costs; and (d) the requirement for optimal conditions to avoid pathogens of the shrimp and tomato plants. Shrimp are very susceptible to pesticides, particularly, when they are in the postlarvae stages (Frías-Espericueta et al., 2008). Hydroponic systems for tomato culture are characterized by the frequent occurrence of diseases provoked by Fusarium and Verticillium, which can spread rapidly throughout the entire system (Velasco-Hernández et al., 2011). These and other potential diseases in tomato plants and shrimp require a proper understanding and management of the integrated systems.
Perhaps the most critical point in integrated culture systems is the precise coupling of the two (or more species) involved. In this sense, the role of tomato plants to assimilate nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients has been apparently well addressed here in the coupling of shrimp–tomato system. Using a water volume of 31.1 m
per tank 1415 individual shrimp with 15 tomato plants were integrated. It is equivalent to 94 individual shrimp coupled to one tomato plant. Based on the relatively high concentrations of nitrogen compounds (nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and particulate nitrogen) throughout the cycle, and considering the surplus of shrimp effluent after the harvest of both shrimp and tomato, it is clear that an optimal shrimp: tomato plant rationeedstobeidentified
In comparison to traditional shrimp monoculture and tomato monoculture, the implementation of an integrated shrimp–tomato culture system has at least four disadvantages: (a) the requirement for a relatively high initial investment that also occurs with greenhouse and recirculation systems; (b) the requirement for a high level of training and specialization for the management of the two coupled cultures; (c) the implied elevated production costs; and (d) the requirement for optimal conditions to avoid pathogens of the shrimp and tomato plants. Shrimp are very susceptible to pesticides, particularly, when they are in the postlarvae stages (Frías-Espericueta et al., 2008). Hydroponic systems for tomato culture are characterized by the frequent occurrence of diseases provoked by Fusarium and Verticillium, which can spread rapidly throughout the entire system (Velasco-Hernández et al., 2011). These and other potential diseases in tomato plants and shrimp require a proper understanding and management of the integrated systems.Perhaps the most critical point in integrated culture systems is the precise coupling of the two (or more species) involved. In this sense, the role of tomato plants to assimilate nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients has been apparently well addressed here in the coupling of shrimp–tomato system. Using a water volume of 31.1 mper tank 1415 individual shrimp with 15 tomato plants were integrated. It is equivalent to 94 individual shrimp coupled to one tomato plant. Based on the relatively high concentrations of nitrogen compounds (nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and particulate nitrogen) throughout the cycle, and considering the surplus of shrimp effluent after the harvest of both shrimp and tomato, it is clear that an optimal shrimp: tomato plant rationeedstobeidentified
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In comparison to traditional shrimp monoculture and tomato monoculture, the implementation of an integrated shrimp–tomato culture system has at least four disadvantages: (a) the requirement for a relatively high initial investment that also occurs with greenhouse and recirculation systems; (b) the requirement for a high level of training and specialization for the management of the two coupled cultures; (c) the implied elevated production costs; and (d) the requirement for optimal conditions to avoid pathogens of the shrimp and tomato plants. Shrimp are very susceptible to pesticides, particularly, when they are in the postlarvae stages (Frías-Espericueta et al., 2008). Hydroponic systems for tomato culture are characterized by the frequent occurrence of diseases provoked by Fusarium and Verticillium, which can spread rapidly throughout the entire system (Velasco-Hernández et al., 2011). These and other potential diseases in tomato plants and shrimp require a proper understanding and management of the integrated systems.
Perhaps the most critical point in integrated culture systems is the precise coupling of the two (or more species) involved. In this sense, the role of tomato plants to assimilate nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients has been apparently well addressed here in the coupling of shrimp–tomato system. Using a water volume of 31.1 m
per tank 1415 individual shrimp with 15 tomato plants were integrated. It is equivalent to 94 individual shrimp coupled to one tomato plant. Based on the relatively high concentrations of nitrogen compounds (nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and particulate nitrogen) throughout the cycle, and considering the surplus of shrimp effluent after the harvest of both shrimp and tomato, it is clear that an optimal shrimp: tomato plant rationeedstobeidentified
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