a’s are +A and 0 V. Assume that these values are equally likely to occur and that the data are independent. Now, evaluate R(k) as defined by Eq. (3-36b). For k = 0, the possible products of an an are A X A = A2 and 0 X 0 = 0, and consequently, I = 2. For random data, the probability of having A2 is 2 and the probability of having 0 is 2, so that