the glucose (90%, Jinan Guoshi Weiye Chemical Co., Ltd, China) is
CNY3200/t. By the co-fermentation, glycerol could partly replace
glucose for fumaric acid production, and the production cost of
fumaric acid (based on the cost of the carbon source input) was
reduced by approximately 14% as compared to the fermentation
using glucose (80 g/L) as carbon source.