Like other studies (e.g., Mezirow, 2000) we found that learning rarely neatly fits into the domain of instrumental or communicative learning, but often includes elements of both (Mezirow, 2000). Furthermore, it can move from instrumental learning to communicative, or vice versa (Sims and Sinclair, 2008). For example, a Watha youth learned about certain crops that are ideally suited for the local climate and can easily be planted on his family's shamba. Upon critical reflection and as a member of only the second or third generation of Watha people to live outside of the hunter and gatherer forest-based lifestyle, he came to the realization that there are still adjustments that his community needs to make to live more productively in this ‘new’ way of life. Therefore, learning new information (instrumental) caused him to critically reflect and arrive at new understandings of his community's relationship with the land and the agricultural lifestyle (communicative learning).