The business and industry education literature also lacked uniformity as to which aspect of training (motivation to learn, motivation to transfer) was researched; this literature also contained conflicting results. Many studies have provided evidence of a negative relationship between age and learning (Gist et al., 1990; Martocchio & Webster,1992). Colquitte et al. (2000) performed a meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research and concluded that age was linked to both motivation to learn and learning;older trainees demonstrated lower motivation, learning, and post-training self-efficacy.