Perspectives within Sociology
Within sociology there are two major viewpoints or perspectives. The functionalist
viewpoint stems from the work of Durkheim while the conflict viewpoint stems
from the work of Karl Marx.
Functionalism or the functionalist viewpoint argues that parts of a society work
together to maintain the cohesion of the system. This cohesion is the result of
consensus and common values shared by members of the society. The theory
assumes that a failure in one aspect of the system will negatively affect the others.
Functionalist theory assumes that components of society work to maintain
equilibrium, or balance, which permits the whole society to operate smoothly.
However, events such as war can upset the equilibrium.
Functions are actions that positively affect the social system, while dysfunctions
are actions that negatively affect the social system. Manifest functions are those
whose consequences are intended. For example, a manifest function of higher
education is to obtain critical thinking skills necessary to acquire a fulfilling job.
And latent functions are those whose consequences are not intended. For example,
a latent function of higher education is that colleges and universities serve as
marriage markets. Chances are very good that you will marry someone you meet at
college. However, this was probably not the intention of the founders of your school.
Contrary to the functionalist viewpoint or perspective, the conflict viewpoint or
conflict theory proposes that society is held together by social power—the ability
to control the behavior of others against their will. This theory originated in the
thinking of Marx. Conflict theorists believe that social power allows some groups to
dominate others. This results in the constant potential for conflict between the haves
and the have nots. Conflict may take place between individuals, groups of
individuals, or organizations. This theory sees social change as a regular feature of
social life as subordinate groups will strive to change their positions. Conflict
theorists propose that conflict actually holds society together by serving the
dominant group and by creating shifting alliances among special interest groups.
Research Methods
Research methods are divided into two types: qualitative and quantitative. The
type of method used depends upon the type of inquiry. Qualitative methods are
designed to gain the subjective understanding, interpretation, and meaning of social
behavior. Qualitative researchers use three basic techniques: historical analysis,
interviews and life histories, and participant observation. Historical analysis is
often based on old letters, diaries, and baptismal records. This type of analysis is
useful because it provides both detailed information and the broad societal context.