The present study conducted Harman’s single-factor test using confirmatory factor
analysis to determine the potential threat of common method bias. This test is based on
the assumption that common method bias is a serious problem when a single latent
factor will account for more than 50 percent of the total variance of the measures
(Podsakoff et al., 2003). The results for a single-factor model were as follows:
x2 ¼ 2170:77, df ¼ 377; GFI ¼ 0.47; AGFI ¼ 0.39; NFI ¼ 0.37; NNFI ¼ 0.38;
CFI ¼ 0.42; RMSEA ¼ 0.188; SRMR ¼ 0.17. The single-factor model accounted for
only 22 percent of the total variance. The chi-square test also demonstrated that the
four-factor model was superior to the single-factor model (Dx2 ¼ 1080:09,
Ddf ¼ 6; p , 0:001). Consequently, common method bias was not a critical threat to
the magnitudes of the hypothesized relationships.