The results of ratings and speech reading test, measuring communicative functioning, were less clear. No differences were found among children with deaf parents, and those with hearing parents received significantly higher ratings for facility with written language, receptive and expressive finger spelling, and use of the language of signs. On the other hand, various measures of manual communication were positively related to facility in speech reading, as measured by the Craig Inventory. Early oral training seems to be related to later communicative functioning and is less likely to have been experienced by children with deaf parents.