แปลภาษาอังกฤษเป็นไทย ออนไลน์ แปลภาษา แปลข้อความ แปลบทความ แปลเอกสาร แปลประโยคอังกฤษเป็นไทยทั้งประโยค แปลเอกสารภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาไทยทั้งประโยค แปลประโยคอังกฤษเป็นไทย แปลอังกฤษ แปลไทย ฟรี [Translate] English to Thai Translation Translate Translator , ภาษาอังกฤษ มีใช้ในประเทศออสเตรเลีย แคนาดา ไอร์แลนด์ นิวซีแลนด์ สหราชอาณาจักร สหรัฐอเมริกา ไลบีเรีย เบลีซ แอฟริกาใต้ อินเดีย
Base Core (Foundation) Layer
The layer next to the skin, this should be soft, comfortable and able to wick away perspiration quickly so leaving you feeling dry in spite of your exertions in the cold. Damp clothing in the cold can reduce the insulation significantly, so it is important to get sweat away from your skin and away from your clothes - breathability is of the utmost importance. To function most efficiently the foundation layer should be close fitting to the body.
For the coldest climates, long underwear is a must. Things have come on an awful long way since the string vest (invented for the British Graham Land Expedition to Antarctica in 1934-1937). Modern foundation layer garments are generally made of synthetic material. In some cases the material is even treated so that it prevents the build up of bacteria that live in sweaty clothes and make them smell, especially important if you don't have lots of changes of clothes or opportunity to wash your clothes very often.
If you're not going to an extreme climate but the extreme climate has temporarily come to where you live, a good thermal long underwear layer along with a hat, gloves, warm socks, thermal insoles and scarf or neck gaiter are the cheapest way of effectively dealing with the short-term conditions between transport and home, work-place or wherever you need to go.
Insulated base layer tops - A versatile layer that can be your outer layer indoors and help keep you toasty outdoors.
Buy: Men's Women's
Insulated base layer bottoms- Long johns - To go under thick, warm pants (trousers) and outer over-pants (waterproof for the summer months or when on the sea in boats). It's unlikely you'll need any long underwear for your legs in the Antarctic summer in coastal regions, unless you really do suffer from the cold.
Buy: Men's Women's
Mid Insulation Layer/s
Fleeces for insulation
Or lightweight down if you prefer
This is the most variable layer and can be added to as required depending on how cold the conditions are. More than one lightweight layer of shirt/s, sweater or jacket allow for flexibility by adding or removing according to weather and activity and is warmer than one thick heavy layer for insulation too as extra air gets trapped between the layers as well as within them (though less convenient).
Traditionally woolen sweaters and natural fiber pants were worn. These days, these may still be used or they may be supplemented or substituted by modern materials such as polypropylene fleece or lightweight down garments.
This layer should provide insulation and also the passage and release of perspiration. Zips, collars, draw cords and the like allow for increased ventilation during exertion or for all openings to be pulled closed while at rest and/or in very cold conditions.
Insulating layers for the upper body. Wool mix or synthetic shirt, woolen sweater, fleece or down sweater and /or jacket. Adjustability is important here, zips, buttons etc. At least one of these layers should be long at the back to avoid exposure of flesh during exertion. The insulating layer can be combined with the wind-proof or water-proof outer layer or could be separate. Don't be tempted to think that you will be able to get away with a fleece as your only outer layer however, despite the new coatings and finishes, they just aren't wind or water-proof enough on their own.
Fleece - Buy: Men's Women's
You might prefer a down-filled parka, while these are extremely warm and can easily be thrown on over a t-shirt for immediate serious insulation, they can be inflexible in terms of layer dressing when walking ashore, light-weight ones are more versatile.
Down - Buy: Men's Women's
Insulating layers for the lower body. Thick warm pants (trousers) of a natural material such as moleskin or heavyweight synthetic material such as polyester. Personally I have worn moleskin (a kind of cotton, named for its texture and not made from either the skin or kin of moles) pants in both polar regions and wouldn't consider wearing anything else, for warmth, comfort and practicality they have no rival. Pants should not be tight fitting, so ditch the skinny fits until it warms up again.
Pants - Buy: Men's Women's Buy: Men's moleskins Women's moleskins
The Outer or Shell Layer
Outer / shell layer, this needs to be windproof and may be waterproof. It could be simply a "shell" i.e. no additional insulation or it may have insulation built in. Jackets should always have hoods.
The outer layer is particularly important and should have features such as draw-cords and fastening cuffs to prevent warm air being lost to the outside and to prevent snow finding its way into nooks and crannies (snow in the cranny is most uncomfortable).
Waterproof is not necessary for very cold weather as no rain falls, though if you intend to spend any time in boats waterproof is vital as you don't want to get ashore after bouncing over an excitable sea to find you are wet and cold for the rest of the day.
Fully waterproof garments are not as able to transmit perspiration as readily as garments that are not fully waterproof and tend not to be as flexible at low temperatures, so choose according to your intended use.
The outer layer could be simply that, a weather proof layer of natural or synthetic fibers with no extra insulation, or it could have insulation built in as in the traditional parka. Insulating materials for this outer layer could be synthetic or the traditional and arguably still the most effective - natural down.
Alternatives - follow links to buy:
Polar parka, with down or synthetic insulation
Men's Women's
Gore-Tex or similar, breathable waterproof outer shell jacket
Men's Women's
3-in-1 Jackets, a windproof and often waterproof outer shell with a separate insulating inner jacket, worn separately or together.
Men's Women's
Waterproof rain pants for riding in the zodiac and staying dry during landings, light-weight ones are fine and will be easier to pack away into your backpack. Large zips down each leg make it much easier to get them on and off.
Men's Women's
Down or synthetic insulated pants
Men's
Accessories to Protect the Extremities- Head, Fingers and Toes (not forgetting ankles, wrists and neck)
The extremities can get very cold very quickly. Fingers and toes have a high surface area compared to their volume - this means they lose heat easily and generate and retain heat poorly. Particular attention should be paid to keeping them warm.
The head can lose up to 20% of the body's heat, in cold weather, the quickest and simplest thing that can be done to warm up is to put on a hat, particularly convenient and useful when taking a rest break after some exertion.
In extremis for the sake of survival, if the body is losing so much heat that it may be in danger, blood flow to those parts losing the most heat and that are "expendable" may be shut down to a trickle (this will not happen to your head however!). This could result in frostnip, frostbite and ultimately the loss of that body part, fingers and toes are in the most danger.
Hands
In very cold conditions 2 (or even 3) pairs of gloves or mittens according to the conditions and activity. The layer principle can also apply to the hands. A light first layer, then an insulating layer and/or a weatherproof outer layer depending on use. Usually starting with lightweight gloves in case you have to do something "fiddly", thin gloves are easier than mittens and infinitely preferable to bare fingers and then one or two pairs of mittens (if two the outer pair is usually just a "shell" layer). The outer pair should be wind proof while water-resistance is always very useful when in and around small boats.
Ski-type gloves are good as they are warm and water resistant with it, they are usually adequate for polar coastal regions in the summer. A thin pair of glove liners as well as a warmer pair means that you'll be able to take photographs without taking them off. Fingerless gloves or ones with a flap so that you can push fingers through without taking them off are hopeless in my experience, don't bother unless you've used them before and know that you like them.
In extreme cold weather mittens are much warmer than gloves, though by the time you have a couple of bulky pairs on to make your fingers lovely and toasty, your dexterity falls dramatically, so it depends on what you're doing. Skiing or skidooing for instance and mittens will be fine, if you are taking photographs you'll find things more difficult.
Buy: Men's Ski Gloves Women's Ski Gloves Men's Mittens Women's Mittens Glove Liners
Head
When your feet are cold, cover your head." - Inuit saying
You can lose about 20% of your body heat through your head, the quickest way of warming up your whole body is to put on a hat of some kind and having an extra hat in your pocket is always a good idea in cold conditions so that you can put it on when you stop walking/climbing to maintain your temperature even though your exertions are less. In cold conditions you will have an outer shell layer that has a hood whether it is insulated or not, your hat/s should add flexibility so you have a variety of insulation levels according to your activity or lack thereof.
Your hat should be able to cove