[The freedom of expression] carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may
therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided
by law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputation of others;
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public
health or morals.
As interpreted, any limitation on the right to freedom of expression must meet a strict threepart test:
• It must be provided by law, which is clear and accessible to everyone;
• It must pursue one of the specific purposes set out in Article 19(3) of the ICCPR; and
• It must be necessary and the least restrictive means required to achieve its
purported aim.1