THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PMA AND HPO
Relating the PMA and the HPO frameworks, the first obvious link is in the HPO factor Continuous Improvement and Renewal which contains two characteristics that have to do directly with performance measurement: “In the organization everything that matters to performance is explicitly reported,” and “In the organization both financial and non-financial information is reported to organization members.” The first characteristic matches with the PMA dimension Content while the second characteristic matches with the PMA dimension Manageability. Further, other HPO factors also show theoretical links with PMA. According to the HPO factor Management Quality, in organizations that score high on this, managers are results-oriented, and they deal decisively with non-performers, which matches with the PMA dimensions Responsibility Structure, Accountability, and Management Style. Regarding the HPO factor Workforce Quality, in organizations that score high on this, employees feel
responsible for their results, which also matches with the PMA dimension Accountability. Regarding the HPO factor Openness and Action-Orientation, in organizations scoring high on this, employees spend a lot of time on dialogue, knowledge exchange, and learning in order to make the organization more performance-driven. This matches with the PMA dimensions Action Orientation and Communication. Finally, for the HPO factor Long-Term Orientation, in organizations with a high score on this, there is no obvious link with PMA. However, the argument could be made that an effective performance management system helps maintain and safeguard the sustainability of the organization and thereby its long-term survival.