Brazil’s President Dilma Rousseff is in danger of being impeached only 15 months into her second four-year term. But while the impeachment officially cites allegations that she manipulated the federal budget to disguise a growing deficit, it is a sprawling scandal at Petrobras, the state-owned oil company, that has taken a greater toll on her government and helped generate support for her removal. So why is Petrobras important and how far-reaching is this scandal that many have compared with Italy’s epochal “Clean Hands” investigation that uncovered endemic corruption there in the 1990s?*