Finally, professional associations and expert communities also diffuse organizational models. Most associations and networks have established techniques, codes of conduct, and methodologies for determining how to confront challenges in their area of expertise. They learn these techniques through informal interactions and in formal settings such as in universities and postgraduate programmes. Once these standards are established, they become the industry standard and the accepted way of addressing problems in an area. Part of the job of professional associations and expert networks is to communicate these standards to other; doing so makes them agents of diffusion. Economists, lawyers, military officials, arms control experts diffuse practices, standards, and models through networks and associations. Of the American way of campaigning is becoming increasingly accepted around the world it is in part due to a new class of professional campaign consultants that have converged around a set of accepted techniques and are ready to peddle their wares to willing customers. The diffusion of the Washington Model around the world is due not only to demands imposed by the Unites States and the IMF but also to the fact that the economists in the other countries finance ministries are trained in broadly similar ways I postgraduate programmes in the West