Characterization. A drop of a solution containing the hybrid
nanomaterials was placed on a holey carbon-coated copper
grid, Si/SiO2 and glass, and then naturally dried in air prior to
characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM
2100F), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Axis Ultra), and
X-ray diffraction (XRD, Shimadzu), respectively