3.4 Instruments To accomplish the objectives of this research, two instruments were used. The Values Scale (Singelis et al., 1995) was used to assess the Cultural Patterns of the participants, in terms of Vertical-Horizontal Individualism-Collectivism and The Leadership Questionnaire, which was applied in order to identify the preferred leadership styles. The English version of both instruments is in the Appendix 1. The instruments are detailed as follows. As mentioned above, the first instrument, Values Scale (Singelis et al., 1995), was used to assess the Cultural Patterns of the participants in terms of Verticality and Horizontally of the Individualism-Collectivism. Singelis et al., (1995) found α = .74 to the sub-scale Horizontal-Collectivism; .68 to the sub-scale Vertical-Collectivism; .67 to HorizontalCollectivism, and α = .74 to the sub-scale that measures Vertical-Collectivism.