A two-stage stochastic refueling station location model was introduced by [45], where the first stage locates permanent stations and the second locates portable stations.
The optimal location of a biorefinery was found by [46] as well as its associated supply chain was designed, which requires the suitable selection of crops. Nevertheless, a single facility location problem was straightforward to solve (where the optimal as the potential location that required the cheapest combination of farms
– in terms of its assignment cost – and got the consumption constraint met were defined) and no complex mathematical models were needed.
In [47], energy-related works on planning and operation models within the smart city by classifying their scope into five main intervention areas: generation, storage, infrastructure, facilities, and transport were reviewed.
The nonparametric correlation, Spearman rank R, was calculated by [48] as an alternative to the parametric Pearson correlation coefficient, also the hierarchical cluster analysis using the Ward amalgamation rule with the Euclidean distance measure was performed.
The harvesting and hauling cost model based on biomass production from switchgrass was considered by [49], where the annual feedstock requirement depends on the capacity of ethanol plant.