controlled mobilization does so by positive methods (indoctrinating with
new ideas). Positive means are more difficult to employ but generate more
legitimacy for state ideology than negative means do.
Tables 2 and 3 summarize the impact of various patterns of elite
alignment and elite–mass engagement on government structure, political
organizations, state–class relations, and ideological congruence. In terms
of overall impact, as the tables show, elite action and mass action may
cancel each other out (if they carry different signs) or may reinforce each
other (if they have the same signs).
While there can be numerous combinations of the two dynamics, this
study focuses on four particular combinations (see Table 4). One combination
involves elite polarization and mass suppression (positively reinforcing);
the second, elite polarization and controlled mobilization (also
positively reinforcing); the third, elite compromise and mass incorporation
(negatively reinforcing); and the fourth, elite compromise and polarization
together with mass incorporation and suppression (mutually canceling
out). For convenience, I group the first two combinations under the