Cogn Cogn itive-Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of
itive เป็น Anger: A Meta-Analysis
อาดรวย Rich ard Beck1 an d Ephrem Fernandez1Fernandez1, ‚2 2
ความโกรธที่มีมาให้ได้รับการยอมรับว่าเป็นปัญหาทางสังคมที่สำคัญคุ้มค่าของ Anger has come to be recognized as a significant social problem worthy of clin ical
ความสนใจและการวิจัยอย่างเป็นระบบ attention and systematic research. In the last two decadesในช่วงสองทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา‚ ความรู้ความเข้าใจcognitive- -พฤติกรรมบำบัดbehavioral therapy
( โดยรวมประสิทธิภาพของการรักษานี้ไม่ได้รับการยืนยันเอ็ดและดังนั้นจึงมันก็ตัดสินใจที่จะดำเนินการเมตา- การวิเคราะห์วรรณกรรมนี้ ขึ้นอยู่กับการศึกษา 1, 640 วิชามันก็พบว่า 0.70, indicatin ของอาสาสมัครได้รับการรักษาในแง่ของการลดความโกรธ ผลกระทบนี้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติแข็งแกร่งและค่อนข้างเป็นเนื้อเดียวกันทั่วศึกษา การค้นพบนี้แสดงให้เห็นถึงการรวม ปีของการวิจัยเป็นภาพที่สอดคล้องกันของการรับรู้ความสามารถของ ผลยังทำหน้าที่เป็นแรงผลักดันสำหรับการวิจัยอย่างต่อเนื่องเกี่ยวกับการรักษาของความโกรธที่คำสำคัญ รักษาความรู้ความเข้าใจพฤติกรรม (CBT) has emerged as the most common approach to anger management. The overall
efficacy of this treatment has not been ascertain ed‚ and therefore‚ it was decided to
conduct a meta-analysis of this literature. Based on 50 studies incorporatin g 1‚640
subjects‚ it was found that CBT produ ced a grand mean weighted effect size of .70‚
indicatin g that the average CBT recipient was better off than 76% of untreated subjects
in terms of anger reduction. This effect was statistically significant‚ robust‚ and relatively
homogeneous across studies. These findings represent a quan titative integration of 20
years of research into a coherent picture of the efficacy of CBT for anger management.
The results also serve as an impetus for continued research on the treatment of anger.
KEY WORDS: anger; cognitive-behavioral therapy; me ta-analysis.
INTRODUCTION
With viole nt crime rising among adole scents‚ wide spread familial abuse ‚ continuing
racial discord‚ and recent acts of te rrorism‚ attention has turned to anger
as a major problem in human relations (Koop & Lundbe rg‚ 1992; Novello‚ Shosky‚
& Froehlke ‚ 1992) . Yet anger disorde rs have been ne glected in diagnostic classifications
and treatment programs (Eckhardt & Deffenbache r‚ 1995; Kassinove &
Sukhodolsky ‚ 1995) . Incre asing reference s to ange r appear in PSYCINFO and other
database s‚ and practitione rs are increasingly cognizant of the ramifications of anger
in their clients (Abikoff & Kle in‚ 1992; Fernande z & Turk‚ 1993‚ 1995; Koop &
Lundbe rg‚ 1992) ‚ but little is known about how best to treat ange r disorde rs.
In a surve y of the lite rature on ange r‚ it was found that the vast majority of
ange r treatment outcome studie s had utilize d a cognitive -behavioral approach. The
pre sent study therefore evaluate d the efficacy of cognitive -behavioral the rapy (CBT)
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0147-5916/98/0200-0063$15.00/0 Ó 1998 Plenum Publishing Corporation
Cogn itive Therapy and Research ‚ Vol. 22‚ No. 1‚ 1998‚ pp. 63-74
1Southern Methodist University‚ Dallas‚ Texas 75275.
2Address all correspondence to Ephrem Fe rnandez‚ Ph.D.‚ Departme nt of Psychology‚ Southern
Methodist University‚ Dallas‚ Texas 75275-0442.
in the treatment of anger. Instead of a narrative review‚ a meta-analysis was conducte
d to quantitative ly inte grate the results of individual studie s employing CBT
for anger control.
Cogn itive-Behavioral Therapy Applied to Anger
Cognitive -behavioral therapy draws upon the rich traditions of behavior modification
and rational-emotive or cognitive therapy (Meichenbaum‚ 1976) ‚ paying attention
to social cognition (Dodge ‚ 1993) as well as individual constructions of
reality (Mahone y‚ 1993) . It may combine a varie ty of technique s such as relaxation‚
cognitive restructuring‚ problem-solving‚ and stress inoculation‚ but rather than being
a mere form of technical ecle ctism‚ it is theore tically unified by principle s of
le arning theory and information processing. This approach has elicited much interest
in the treatment of affe ctive disorde rs such as anxie ty and depression as reve aled
in recent meta-analyse s by Dobson (1989) and Van Balkom (1994) . The status of
CBT for ange r‚ however‚ remains unclear.
Yet the last 20 ye ars has seen an accumulation of research on the efficacy of
cognitive -behavioral therapy in the treatment of ange r problems. This research has
focused predominantly on Novaco’s (1975) adaptation of Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation
training (SIT) initially developed for the treatment of anxie ty (Meichenbaum‚
1975). Using a coping skills approach‚ stress inoculation inte rve ntions are
typically structured into three phase s: cognitive preparation‚ skill acquisition‚ and
application training. During this performance -based intervention‚ the client is exposed
to cognitive reframing‚ relaxation training‚ image ry‚ modeling‚ and role -playing
to enhance ability to cope with problem situations.
In SIT for anger problems‚ clie nts initially identify situational “triggers” which
pre cipitate the onset of the ange r response . Afte r identifying environmental cues‚
they rehearse self-statements intende d to reframe the situation and facilitate healthy
response s (example s of cognitive self-statements include : “Relax‚ don’t take things
so personally” or “I can handle this. It isn’t important enough to blow up over
this”). The second phase of treatment require s the acquisition of relaxation skills.
The cognitive self-statements can the n be couple d with relaxation as clie nts attempt‚
afte r exposure to the trigge r‚ to mentally and physically soothe themselve s. Finally‚
in the rehe arsal phase ‚ clie nts are exposed to anger-provoking situations during the
session utilizing image ry or role -plays. They practice the cognitive and relaxation
technique s until the mental and physical response s can be achie ved automatically
and on cue. This basic outline of SIT can also be supplemented with alte rnative
technique s such as problem-solving‚ conflict management‚ and social skills training
as in the social cognitive model of Lochman and colle ague s (Lochman & Lenhart‚
1993) .
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the overall effectiveness of
such cognitive -behavioral treatme nts for ange r by using the methodology of metaanalysis.
This entaile d computing various summary statistics of the strength of treatment
effect‚ as well as infe rential tests of the specific research hypothe sis that CBT
statistically significantly reduce s ange r. Finally‚ the se results were conve rted into
64 Beck and Fern an dez
measure s of practical significance . This is particularly informative in the curre nt
climate of managed health care where there is a premium on time-limite d interventions
like CBT and growing demands for empirical evidence to support the
choice of treatments. This quantitative synthe sis of the literature will also familiarize
reade rs with the main parame ters of research on this topic and gene rate considerations
for furthe r research in this area.
Meta-Analys is
Meta-analysis is a quantitative procedure for evaluating treatment effectiveness
by the calculation of effect size s (Fernande z & Boyle ‚ 1996; Glass‚ McGaw‚ &
Smith‚ 1981; Rosenthal‚ 1991). The effect size expre sses the magnitude of difference
between treated and untreated subje cts. Because effect size is expre ssed in standard
deviation units‚ it enable s comparisons among studie s and the computation of summary
statistics such as the grand ave rage effect size‚ an inde x of overall effectiveness
for the treatment. Despite its advantage s over narrative and quasistatistical methods
of review (Fernande z & Turk‚ 1989) ‚ meta-analysis has raised certain concerns which
call for specific solutions (Fernande z & Boyle ‚ 1996) . For example ‚ it has been argued
that effect sizes obtained from studie s of varying quality may not be directly
comparable ; conseque ntly‚ it is now customary to weight effects sizes‚ typically according
to obje ctive crite ria such as sample size (which de termine s statistical
power). Concern has also been raised about possible inflation in effect sizes due
to sampling only publishe d studie s which are more like ly to report significant results
than are non-publishe d studie s (the file -drawer problem); this can be counte racted
to some extent by including unpublishe d studie s and also by conducting te sts of
robustne ss that provide a margin of tolerance for null results (Rosenthal‚ 1995) .
To date ‚ the only documented attempt to meta-analyze studie s of anger management
was done by Tafrate (1995) . Howeve r‚ this revie w has certain methodological
limitations. First‚ stringent inclusion criteria restricte d the number of CBT
studie s reviewed to only nine . This small number of studie s is unrepre sentative of
the last 20 years of research on CBT. Tafrate confined his survey to adult sample s
of mostly college stude nts. No doubt‚ students have ange r problems too‚ but the
negle ct of nume rous studie s of CBT for oppositional childre n and adole scents
(populations of primary conce rn) is problematic. Only three of the studie s reviewed
by Tafrate were based on clinical sample s‚ thus placing limits on the ecological significance
of results. Unpublishe d results were ignore d‚ and due to the small number
of studie s actually reviewed‚ the conclusions reached were probably susceptible to
sampling bias. Finally‚ Tafrate ne glected tests of homoge neity‚ te sts of significance
or tests of robustne ss‚ or weighing of effect size s based on any of the design features
of the studie s; as emphasized earlie r‚ the se statistics have now become standard
practice in meta-analytic reviews‚ and they can significantly affe ct the conclusions
reached.
To improve upon Tafrate’s (1995) initial review‚ the pre sent study expande d
inclusion criteria‚ incorporate d unpublishe d studie s‚ and weighte d all effect size s.
As de tailed below‚ the scope of the revie w was broade ned to incorporate dive rse
CBT for Anger 65
sample s receiving a combination of cognitive and behavioral technique s. In this way‚
more than five time s the number of CBT studie s reviewed by Tafrate were metaanalyze
d here.
METHOD
Inclu sion Criteria
A compute r search of PSYCINFO and Dissertation Abstracts International from
1970 to 1995 was conducted. Using keywords such as anger control‚ anger treatment‚
and anger management and cross-re ference s among article s‚ a total of 58 relevant
studie s of CBT were identified. Eight of these were single -case or small-sample
studie s (n <
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