concerns the defined key words and proposition concepts for advertising. This is the task of thinking through ideas on paper using layout pads and markers to produce scamps – ideas in rough, simply communicated. At this stage, the concepts are shown to the rest of the creative team, then to the planning team (occasionally with client representatives) to ensure that all aspects of the brief have been addressed. At this first visualizing stage, art directors work through and negotiate ideas with copywriters, who will consider the ratio of type to image.