Prior research suggests the importance of including earnings levels and earnings changes in returns/earnings regressions to provide a better proxy of unexpected earnings and increase the explanatory power of the model (Easton and Harris 1991; Ali and Zarowin 1992; Strong and Walker 1993). Therefore, stock returns are regressed on each accounting performance measure, including level and change variables. The regression models (1) and (2) are performed on the sample during the pre-crisis (1995–1996), crisis (1997–1998), and post-crisis (1999–2004) periods. Earnings are predicted to have greater explanatory power in the pre-crisis period than in the crisis and postcrisis periods. On the other hand, the explanatory power of cash flows is predicted to become higher in the crisis and post-crisis periods than in the pre-crisis period.