The third criterion is the academicness of the subjects for tutoring. Tutors are commonly perceived as people who help students carry the heavy academic load of formal classrooms (Bray, 1999). However, tutoring classes for non-academic subjects, such as musical, artistic or sporting skills, which are covered in school are also available although demand for these classes is limited. Due to this commonly accepted concept of tutors, studies of private tutoring often tend to focus on academic subjects taught in school, without taking non-academic subjects into account. Another possible explanation is that since academic subjects are more easily examinable than non-academic subjects, this characteristic facilitates to observe the outcomes of tutoring. This may be one of the reasons why researchers limit the scope of private tutoring only for academic subjects, which this study also follows1.