Abstract
Goat and sheep dairy farming are a vital part of the national economy in many countries, especially in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions. In the last years, interest concerning small ruminants milk has been increasing also to find a new exploitation for local breeds. For promoting the goat and sheep dairy products there is a clear need to know the quality and technological aspects of milk produced. There are many qualitative differences between goat and sheep in milk composition and both these are strongly different from cow’s milk. As a consequence, these milks have unique properties and specific technological destinations. The milk protein composition in toto and the peculiar micellar structure determine particular differences in the rheological proprieties of the curds produced after coagulation. Caseins are synthesized in the mammary gland in response to lactogenic hormones and other stimuli, and form colloidal micelles in milk. They are composed of calcium-sensitive caseins (αs- and β caseins) and of the calcium-insensitive κ-casein, which is responsible for stabilizing the former against precipitation in the presence of calcium. The caseins concentration in ovine milk is higher than bovine and caprine. Goat and sheep milk have different proportions of the four major caseins (αs1, αs2, β, κ) compared to cow counterparts, and there are great variations, especially between αs1-casein and αs2-casein contents between individuals and breeds of goats and sheep, because of the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms for all milk proteins, which influence greatly their cheesemaking properties. Goat milk has poorer cheesemaking ability compared to cow milk: this difference is mainly due to the lower casein content but also to the differences in casein micelle composition, size and hydration. Conversely, ovine milk contains a higher fat, protein and total solids percentages if compared to cow and goat milk with a greater cheese yield per unit than others. In fact, cheese curd contains primarily the fat and casein from milk. The rennet curd produced from goat milk results more fragile than that obtained with cow milk. The uniqueness of renneting kinetic of goat milk has also been characterized as a shorter coagulation time and greater hardening rate. Moreover, sheep milk is very sensitive to rennet, because it has a higher β/αs-casein ratio, and also coagulation in sheep milk proceeds faster than in cow milk. Casein micelle structure is similar in cow, goat and sheep milk, although sheep milk caseins are richer in calcium than cow casein. Since caseins play a key role in milk coagulation as responsible for primary structure of cheese curd, the clotting of milk would affect the resultant cheese composition, texture and rheology.
บทคัดย่อGoat and sheep dairy farming are a vital part of the national economy in many countries, especially in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions. In the last years, interest concerning small ruminants milk has been increasing also to find a new exploitation for local breeds. For promoting the goat and sheep dairy products there is a clear need to know the quality and technological aspects of milk produced. There are many qualitative differences between goat and sheep in milk composition and both these are strongly different from cow’s milk. As a consequence, these milks have unique properties and specific technological destinations. The milk protein composition in toto and the peculiar micellar structure determine particular differences in the rheological proprieties of the curds produced after coagulation. Caseins are synthesized in the mammary gland in response to lactogenic hormones and other stimuli, and form colloidal micelles in milk. They are composed of calcium-sensitive caseins (αs- and β caseins) and of the calcium-insensitive κ-casein, which is responsible for stabilizing the former against precipitation in the presence of calcium. The caseins concentration in ovine milk is higher than bovine and caprine. Goat and sheep milk have different proportions of the four major caseins (αs1, αs2, β, κ) compared to cow counterparts, and there are great variations, especially between αs1-casein and αs2-casein contents between individuals and breeds of goats and sheep, because of the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms for all milk proteins, which influence greatly their cheesemaking properties. Goat milk has poorer cheesemaking ability compared to cow milk: this difference is mainly due to the lower casein content but also to the differences in casein micelle composition, size and hydration. Conversely, ovine milk contains a higher fat, protein and total solids percentages if compared to cow and goat milk with a greater cheese yield per unit than others. In fact, cheese curd contains primarily the fat and casein from milk. The rennet curd produced from goat milk results more fragile than that obtained with cow milk. The uniqueness of renneting kinetic of goat milk has also been characterized as a shorter coagulation time and greater hardening rate. Moreover, sheep milk is very sensitive to rennet, because it has a higher β/αs-casein ratio, and also coagulation in sheep milk proceeds faster than in cow milk. Casein micelle structure is similar in cow, goat and sheep milk, although sheep milk caseins are richer in calcium than cow casein. Since caseins play a key role in milk coagulation as responsible for primary structure of cheese curd, the clotting of milk would affect the resultant cheese composition, texture and rheology.
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