• {# activity(e) | c ∈ L ∧ e ∈ ˆc} is the set of all activities appearing in log L.
• {# resource(e) | c ∈ L ∧ e ∈ ˆc ∧ # trans(e) = manualskip} is the set of all resources
that skipped an activity.
• {a ∈ A | c ∈ L ∧ a = # activity(c(ˆ 1)) ∧ a = # activity(c(ˆ |ˆc|))} is the set of all
activities that served as start and end activity for the same case.