Effects intensification across levels of analysis is evident when comparing
effects between the classroom and school levels. At the classroom level, integration
obstacles have a −0.20 effect on TDS, whereas, at the school level, the
variable has a −0.34 effect; integration obstacles’ effect on positive technology
beliefs increases from −0.16 at the classroom level to −0.30 at the school
level. Furthermore, pressure has a 0.33 effect on positive technology beliefs
at the school level compared to a 0.17 effect at the classroom level. Finally,
at the classroom level, the effect of technology standards on the integration
obstacles is insignificant. Yet, at the school level, technology standards have a
moderate effect on integration obstacles (−0.33).1 This suggests that predictor
variables’ effects may be minimal at the classroom level, but those effects
strengthen at the school level. Comparison of school- and district-level effects also suggests a magnification of effects from one hierarchical level to
another. For instance, the negative effects of integration obstacles on TDS as
well as those of integration obstacles on positive technology beliefs increase
from −0.30 at the school level to −0.50 (same effect associated with both
scales) at the district level. A practical interpretation of these results is that
some factors may have a small impact on the extent to which an individual
teacher uses technology in the classroom, but the overall effect of those factors
may increase when considering entire organizations.