Tables 3–5give the descriptive statistics for each of the three
matched groups at the baseline and during the follow-up survey. We follow the classification into six impact pathways as
outlined in Section2. FT coffee farms are slightly larger and
derive a somewhat higher and increasing income share from
coffee sales. Both FT and FT/Utz farmers have a long experience with coffee production, but the former operate farming
systems with higher tree density and more input use. Nevertheless, initial coffee yields were higher on non-certified farms,
and all farm types suffer from a substantial yield decline in
subsequent years. FT farms increased their specialization in
coffee, while non-certified farms reduce their coffee dependency with almost half