It should be noted, however, that the effect sizes of the meta-analysis had a wide range (ES ranged from 0.22 to 1.31), suggesting that some unexamined factors influence self-talk and performance. Hardy (2006)indicated that self-talk is difficulty to define as a single construct, and suggested that self-talk be considered as a) statements to the self, b) multidimensional, c) having interpretive elements associated with the statements, d) dynamic, and e) serve at least instructive and motivational functions. These multiple characteristics provide guides for further investigation of the relationship between self-talk and performance. Indeed, Tod et al. (2011) argued that researchers should shift their focus from “first-generation questions”, that is, examination of self-talk effects on performance, to “second-generation questions”, that is, investigation of moderators and mediators underlying the relationship. Herein, the present study emphasizes two moderators, nature of self-talk and type of motor task, as well as a mediator, self-efficacy, to add to the current knowledge base.