The initial plan for designing the system was to have the hospital
IT staff develop the system without being given a concrete set of
requirements and specifications. The end result was rejected by
the health staff for various reasons. These included issues such as
the user interface not containing all the required fields for data input.
It also required a large amount of time for data entry due to a poorly
designed user interface, and lead to disturbances in work flow.
When this system was rejected the Hospital Chairman arranged
a meeting with the IT staff, Head of the MRD, and clinical staff in
order to identify a more effective design process. A decision was
made to send select members from each department to visit the
UK and USA to survey hospitals that have adopted EMR systems
so that they may learn from existing practice. The selected individuals
observed the systems in use, enquired about how the systems
were designed and implemented, and returned to SN with new
ideas and strategies.
A decision was then made to hire a private vendor to design the
EMR system. The vendor is well known in the area and has been involved
in developing EMR systems for the National Health Services
in the UK. The vendor proceeded by using a design process that
incorporated input from the Head Optometrist, the Medical Superintendent
of the hospital and the Head of the MRD. Within a few
months the vendor developed an EMR system based on these specifications
with a user interface that ‘‘looked good on screen’’ (Manager_
3 Dec. 2007). Attempts were made to implement this system
into practice. Once again however the health staff rejected the design.
The primary complaint was that the user interface was too
inefficient. One of the managers at the hospital explained it like this,
‘‘At first the vendor created something that looked good on
screen, but actually it was useless to doctors. If something
needs 100 clicks before it can be filled in it is useless. Doctors’
want fast and easy system.’’ (Manager_3 Dec. 2007)
This failure made the vendor fairly discouraged and unsure if
any system they developed at SN would be accepted by the health
staff. They decided that if they were going to go forward that they
would need to use an extensive version of PD that more directly involved
a variety of staff from the hospital. Rather than just
attempting to get clinical staff to provide input to an external design
team, they requested for a consultant to step forward and
actually lead the design team. A senior consultant, serving as a
department head, (hereafter referred as Consultant_1) volunteered
to assist in this regard. Consultant_1 noted that this was a fairly
challenging process and explained that,
‘‘The main challenge in the development of the EMR was
designing a user friendly screen for the data entry in the form
of predetermined templates and to provide options to modify
data if required.’’ (Consultant_1 Nov. 2007).
Consultant_1 was not only involved in system design but also
served as the ‘‘physician champion’’ of the system during the
implementation process [14], [15]. In addition to Consultant_1
the vendor also hired a few senior members of the IT staff onto
the development team. They had each worked at SN for 10 to
15 years and thus had a large knowledge base of the workflow
and organizational issues at the hospital. They also had a strong
relationship with members of the health staff and thus could help
identify what problems they might face with the system, and also
help identify what functionality they require. One of the former
members of the IT staff for example was instructed to conduct
observations in the offices of a few consultants and engage them
in discussions about possible ways to assist their work with Information
Systems
The initial plan for designing the system was to have the hospitalIT staff develop the system without being given a concrete set ofrequirements and specifications. The end result was rejected bythe health staff for various reasons. These included issues such asthe user interface not containing all the required fields for data input.It also required a large amount of time for data entry due to a poorlydesigned user interface, and lead to disturbances in work flow.When this system was rejected the Hospital Chairman arrangeda meeting with the IT staff, Head of the MRD, and clinical staff inorder to identify a more effective design process. A decision wasmade to send select members from each department to visit theUK and USA to survey hospitals that have adopted EMR systemsso that they may learn from existing practice. The selected individualsobserved the systems in use, enquired about how the systemswere designed and implemented, and returned to SN with newideas and strategies.A decision was then made to hire a private vendor to design theEMR system. The vendor is well known in the area and has been involvedin developing EMR systems for the National Health Servicesin the UK. The vendor proceeded by using a design process thatincorporated input from the Head Optometrist, the Medical Superintendentof the hospital and the Head of the MRD. Within a fewmonths the vendor developed an EMR system based on these specificationswith a user interface that ‘‘looked good on screen’’ (Manager_3 Dec. 2007). Attempts were made to implement this systeminto practice. Once again however the health staff rejected the design.The primary complaint was that the user interface was tooinefficient. One of the managers at the hospital explained it like this,‘‘At first the vendor created something that looked good onscreen, but actually it was useless to doctors. If somethingneeds 100 clicks before it can be filled in it is useless. Doctors’want fast and easy system.’’ (Manager_3 Dec. 2007)This failure made the vendor fairly discouraged and unsure ifany system they developed at SN would be accepted by the healthstaff. They decided that if they were going to go forward that theywould need to use an extensive version of PD that more directly involveda variety of staff from the hospital. Rather than justattempting to get clinical staff to provide input to an external designteam, they requested for a consultant to step forward andactually lead the design team. A senior consultant, serving as adepartment head, (hereafter referred as Consultant_1) volunteeredto assist in this regard. Consultant_1 noted that this was a fairlychallenging process and explained that,‘‘The main challenge in the development of the EMR wasdesigning a user friendly screen for the data entry in the formof predetermined templates and to provide options to modifydata if required.’’ (Consultant_1 Nov. 2007).Consultant_1 was not only involved in system design but alsoserved as the ‘‘physician champion’’ of the system during theimplementation process [14], [15]. In addition to Consultant_1the vendor also hired a few senior members of the IT staff ontothe development team. They had each worked at SN for 10 to15 years and thus had a large knowledge base of the workflowand organizational issues at the hospital. They also had a strongrelationship with members of the health staff and thus could helpidentify what problems they might face with the system, and alsohelp identify what functionality they require. One of the formermembers of the IT staff for example was instructed to conductobservations in the offices of a few consultants and engage themin discussions about possible ways to assist their work with InformationSystems
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