IMC is also regarded by some as a management philosophy to be incorporated into the organization's approach to business (Cornelissen 2001; Duncan 1998), whereas others regard it primarily as a process of campaign development connected to a wider brand strategy (Nowak and Phelps 1994; Percy 1997). The notion of IMC as a philosophy or concept was evident as early as 1991 in the widely cited definition by the American Association of Advertising Agencies (see Caywood, Schultz, and Wang 1991).