The Penang Island, Cameron Highland and Selangor
areas, which have been badly affected by landslides in
recent years, were selected as suitable for this study. The
Penang Island had a great deal of landslide damage follow-
ing heavy rain in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008. The Cameron
highland and Bukit Lanjan areas in Selangor state were
similarly affected after heavy rain in 2004 and 2005. On
most of these occasions, landslides were mainly of debris
flows and shallow soil slips that have occurred during high
intensity rainfall or shortly thereafter.