Quaternary ammonium compounds, diamidines and biguanidines are components of many antiseptic compounds such as benzalkonium bromide. These disinfectants are likely to be used for daily cleaning. The gene product of qac can help bacteria to resist these disinfectants, but this has not previously been assessed in strains isolated from public transportation system. The detection of qac has been reported in the food industry [44], animal husbandry [45] and hospital environments [46]. The efficiency of sterilization procedures employed in public areas should be improved by the informed selection of suitable disinfectants according to bacterial antibiotic resistance profiles.
Biofilms can be defined as communities of microorganisms that are attached to a surface [47]. The extracellular polymeric substance also acts as a physical barrier to the permeation and the action of antimicrobial agents [48]. Staphylococcus strains can form biofilms, and recent research has shown that the bacteria within biofilms are much more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells [49,50]. In this study, 22% of the samples from metro stations were positive for biofilm formation. Combined with the antimicrobial susceptibility test results, biofilms are likely to enhance bacterial antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, in the bacterial community, antibiotic resistance genes can be transferred more easily and spread across a wider area in biofilms. As biofilms can form more frequently in wet environments, metro stations in Shanghai provide an excellent opportunity for growth as air-conditioners function most of the time, and most stations are underground with inefficient ventilation facilities. Thus, it is important to detect the formation of Staphylococcus biofilms in metro stations.
In conclusion, multi-resistant Staphylococcus and antibiotic resistant genes were found more commonly in metro stations than parks. The closed indoor environment and crowded passenger volumes may accelerate the spread of antibiotic resistant strains. More attention should be paid to the inspection and control of antibiotic resistant strains in public transportation systems.
Quaternary ammonium compounds, diamidines and biguanidines are components of many antiseptic compounds such as benzalkonium bromide. These disinfectants are likely to be used for daily cleaning. The gene product of qac can help bacteria to resist these disinfectants, but this has not previously been assessed in strains isolated from public transportation system. The detection of qac has been reported in the food industry [44], animal husbandry [45] and hospital environments [46]. The efficiency of sterilization procedures employed in public areas should be improved by the informed selection of suitable disinfectants according to bacterial antibiotic resistance profiles.Biofilms can be defined as communities of microorganisms that are attached to a surface [47]. The extracellular polymeric substance also acts as a physical barrier to the permeation and the action of antimicrobial agents [48]. Staphylococcus strains can form biofilms, and recent research has shown that the bacteria within biofilms are much more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells [49,50]. In this study, 22% of the samples from metro stations were positive for biofilm formation. Combined with the antimicrobial susceptibility test results, biofilms are likely to enhance bacterial antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, in the bacterial community, antibiotic resistance genes can be transferred more easily and spread across a wider area in biofilms. As biofilms can form more frequently in wet environments, metro stations in Shanghai provide an excellent opportunity for growth as air-conditioners function most of the time, and most stations are underground with inefficient ventilation facilities. Thus, it is important to detect the formation of Staphylococcus biofilms in metro stations.In conclusion, multi-resistant Staphylococcus and antibiotic resistant genes were found more commonly in metro stations than parks. The closed indoor environment and crowded passenger volumes may accelerate the spread of antibiotic resistant strains. More attention should be paid to the inspection and control of antibiotic resistant strains in public transportation systems.
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