with eight trawl and six longline skippers who fished in the study area (Fig. 2). In 2009 these captains had a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 40 years of fishing experience, and had worked in Namibian waters between 5 and 40 years and in the hake fishery (in Namibia and South Africa) between 5 and 31 years. In addition, participant observation was carried out at sea during a 4-day fishing trip aboard a Namibian trawl vessel. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed.