Main Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1 Introduction to Fresh Water as a Provisioning Service . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.1.1 Fresh Water in the MA Context
7.1.2 Setting the Stage
7.2 Distribution, Magnitude, and Trends in the Provision of Fresh
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.2.1 Available Water Supplies for Humans
7.2.2 Water Use
7.2.3 The Notion of Water Scarcity
7.2.4 Environmental Flows for Ecosystems
7.2.5 Water Quality
7.3 Drivers of Change in the Provision of Fresh Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.3.1 Population Growth and Development
7.3.2 Managed Water Supplies
7.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover Change
7.3.4 Climate Change and Variability
7.3.5 Urbanization
7.3.6 Industrial Development
7.4 Consequences for Human Well-being of Changes in the Provision
of Fresh Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.4.1 Freshwater Provision: Benefits and Investment Requirements
7.4.2 Consequences of Water Scarcity
7.4.3 The Cost and Pricing of Water Delivery
7.4.4 Consequences of Too Much Water: Floods
7.4.5 Consequences of Poor Water Quality on Human Health
7.5 Trade-offs in the Contemporary Use of Freshwater Resources . . . . . . 197
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201