and their phylogenetic affinities are therefore especially difficult to unravel (Kristensen & Skalski 1998), and second, there has been a shortage of phylo- genetically informative genetic markers suitable for routine phylogenomic analyses. Owing to recent pioneer- ing work in designing appropriate nuclear genomic markers (Wahlberg & Wheat 2008), there is now a good set of suitable genetic markers for use in lepidopteran phylogenomics.