Canopy
shade for the STSH and SH treatments was provided by 60 cm × 60 cm
black shading fabric (polyethylene monofilament). After the establishment
of a unit for each treatment with canopy-shade present (see
below), the shading fabric was set 120 cmabove the substratum surface,
each corner being attached to a PVC pole support (2 cm diameter) (see
Fig. 2a). The fabric was positioned so as to provide complete shading of
the unit, at least during each census. Light intensity within the unit,
measured by a small light intensity recorder (MDS-MkV/L, JFE Advantech
Co, Ltd.) at ten randomly-established points, matched that measured
under natural canopy conditions at midday (361.9 ± 25.1 μmol
photons/m2/s for artificial canopy shade, 343.1 ± 25.0 μmol photons/
m2/s for natural canopy shade; t-test, t = −0.496, P = 0.626).