The emission factors of the four types of incense smoke PM2.5 mass were between 22.55 ± 3.09 and
28.53 ± 0.41 mg g1 of incense. The PM2.5 content was highest in HSIN, followed by SC, SLS, and LST. The average total emission factor of fragrant compounds in smoke PM2.5 was between 593.7 and
870.8 mg g1 of incense, with HSIN >> SC >> LST > SLS.